GA_Types.h

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/*
 * PROPRIETARY INFORMATION.  This software is proprietary to
 * Side Effects Software Inc., and is not to be reproduced,
 * transmitted, or disclosed in any way without written permission.
 *
 * NAME:        GA_Types.h ( GA Library, C++)
 *
 * COMMENTS:
 */

#pragma once

#ifndef __GA_Types__
#define __GA_Types__

#include "GA_API.h"
#include <UT/UT_Assert.h>
#include <UT/UT_ValArray.h>
#include <SYS/SYS_Math.h>
#include <SYS/SYS_Types.h>


// -------------------------------------------------------------
// GA Enums/Defines
// -------------------------------------------------------------
/// The GA_AttributeOwner enum is used to differentiate between the different
/// types of attribute arrays stored in a GA_Detail.  The different classes
/// represent
///   -# unique point attribute data (one per vertex on a primitive)
///   -# shared point attribute data (attributes shared multiple vertices)
///   -# per-primitive attribute data (one per primitive)
///   -# attribute data stored on the detail itself (single value)
enum GA_AttributeOwner
{
    GA_ATTRIB_VERTEX,           // Unique vertex data
    GA_ATTRIB_POINT,            // Shared vertex data
    GA_ATTRIB_PRIMITIVE,        // Primitive attribute data
    GA_ATTRIB_GLOBAL,           // Global data

    GA_ATTRIB_OWNER_N,          // Number of GA_AttributeOwner enums

    GA_ATTRIB_DETAIL = GA_ATTRIB_GLOBAL,// Detail data, same as global
    GA_ATTRIB_INVALID = -1      // Not a valid attribute owner
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_AttributeOwner &v);

/// Attributes (and other data) may be stored with different precision and
/// storage types.
enum GA_Storage
{
    GA_STORE_INVALID=-1,        // Invalid storage
    GA_STORE_BOOL,              // Bool storage (bit-array)
    GA_STORE_UINT8,             // 8-bit unsigned integer
    GA_STORE_INT8,              // 8-bit signed integer
    GA_STORE_INT16,             // 16-bit integer
    GA_STORE_INT32,             // 32-bit integer
    GA_STORE_INT64,             // 64-bit integer
    GA_STORE_REAL16,            // 16-bit real
    GA_STORE_REAL32,            // 32-bit real
    GA_STORE_REAL64,            // 64-bit real
    GA_STORE_STRING,            // ASCII string data
    GA_STORE_DICT,           // Option Dictionaries
    // GA_STORE_UTF8,           // Future?
    // GA_STORE_UTF16,          // Future?
    // GA_STORE_UTF32,          // Future?
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_Storage &v);

/// Often one does not care about the precision.  In this case
/// the storage class gives a good idea which AIFs will be supported.
enum GA_StorageClass
{
    GA_STORECLASS_INVALID = -1,         // Invalid storage
    GA_STORECLASS_INT,                  // Any integer type
    GA_STORECLASS_REAL,                 // Any real type
    GA_STORECLASS_FLOAT = GA_STORECLASS_REAL,
    GA_STORECLASS_STRING,
    GA_STORECLASS_DICT,
    GA_STORECLASS_OTHER
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_StorageClass &v);

/// If one only cares about precision, this can be used.
/// Note that 8-bit reals do not exist so will instead refer
/// to 16-bit.
enum GA_Precision
{
    GA_PRECISION_INVALID = -1,          // Storage with no precision, String
    GA_PRECISION_1,
    GA_PRECISION_8,
    GA_PRECISION_16,
    GA_PRECISION_32,
    GA_PRECISION_64,
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_Precision &v);

/// Type qualifiers on attributes.  These qualifiers can help to interpret the
/// data associated with an attribute, but are not required.
enum GA_TypeInfo
{
    /// Data has no numeric representation
    GA_TYPE_VOID = -1,
    /// Data represents a position in space.  Token "point"
    GA_TYPE_POINT,
    /// Data represents a position and homogeneous coordinate.  The position is
    /// stored in non-homogeneous space (i.e. the w coordinate is not
    /// multiplied through).  Token "hpoint"
    GA_TYPE_HPOINT,
    /// Data represents a direction vector.  Token "vector"
    GA_TYPE_VECTOR,
    /// Data represents a normal vector.  Token "normal"
    GA_TYPE_NORMAL,
    /// Data represents a color.  Token "color"
    GA_TYPE_COLOR,
    /// Data represents a transform matrix.  Token "matrix"
    GA_TYPE_TRANSFORM,
    /// Data represents a quaternion.  Token "quaternion"
    GA_TYPE_QUATERNION,
    /// Data represents an index-pair.  Token "indexpair"
    GA_TYPE_INDEXPAIR,

    /// When a numeric attribute is created with integer storage, the attribute
    /// will be tagged as a non-arithmetic integer.  This means that
    /// mathematical operations will not typically be performed (i.e. integer
    /// values will not be averaged).  This works well for most cases of
    /// integers under Houdini.
    GA_TYPE_NONARITHMETIC_INTEGER,
    /// Arithmetic integers will be modified under arithmetic operations.
    /// Their values will be averaged etc.
    /// @note This is not the default behaviour for numeric attributes
    GA_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_INTEGER,

    /// Data represents a coordinate in texture space, a.k.a. uv/uvw,
    /// but not a primitive uv/uvw.
    GA_TYPE_TEXTURE_COORD
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_TypeInfo &v);

/// Scope qualifiers on attributes.  Each valid scope has its own namespace,
/// along with other consequences.
enum GA_AttributeScope
{
    /// Data has no numeric representation
    GA_SCOPE_INVALID = -1,
    /// Standard user attribute level
    //    GA_OPTION_EXPORT_ON_SAVE/MERGE defaults to true
    GA_SCOPE_PUBLIC,
    // Internal attribute level
    //    GA_OPTION_EXPORT_ON_SAVE/MERGE defaults to false
    GA_SCOPE_PRIVATE,
    // Group attribute level
    //    GA_OPTION_EXPORT_ON_SAVE/MERGE defaults to false,
    //    because GA_Group saves/merges it, not GA_Attribute.
    GA_SCOPE_GROUP
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_AttributeScope &v);

/// An ordinal enum for the different types of groups in GA
enum GA_GroupType
{
    GA_GROUP_INVALID    = -1,
    GA_GROUP_POINT      = 0,
    GA_GROUP_PRIMITIVE  = 1,
    GA_GROUP_EDGE       = 2,
    GA_GROUP_BREAKPOINT = 3,
    GA_GROUP_VERTEX     = 4,
    GA_GROUP_N
};
GA_API size_t format(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const GA_GroupType &v);

/// Currently SOP_Node::parseAllGroups takes a mask of different types of
/// groups.  This enum allows group types to be packed into a bit field.
enum GA_GroupMaskType
{
    GA_GMASK_NONE       = 0,
    GA_GMASK_POINT      = 1 << GA_GROUP_POINT,
    GA_GMASK_PRIMITIVE  = 1 << GA_GROUP_PRIMITIVE,
    GA_GMASK_EDGE       = 1 << GA_GROUP_EDGE,
    GA_GMASK_BREAKPOINT = 1 << GA_GROUP_BREAKPOINT,
    GA_GMASK_VERTEX     = 1 << GA_GROUP_VERTEX,
    GA_GMASK_FULL_MASK  = ((1 << GA_GROUP_N)-1)
};

// Maximum order for NURBs/Bezier bases
#define GA_MAX_ORDER    11

// Types of knot spacing for NURBs operations
enum GA_KnotSpaceType
{
    GA_KNOT_SPACE_UNIFORM,
    GA_KNOT_SPACE_AVERAGING
};

// Basis parametrization types
enum GA_ParameterizationType
{
    GA_PARAMETERIZATION_UNIFORM,
    GA_PARAMETERIZATION_CHORD,
    GA_PARAMETERIZATION_CENTRIPETAL,
    GA_PARAMETERIZATION_APPROXARC,
    GA_PARAMETERIZATION_INVALID = -1
};

/// Strategies that may be used for attribute data IDs, usually when merging
/// or copying attributes.
///
/// @note Most functions with a parameter of this type typically treat it as
/// a hint, and may ignore it when the requested strategy is not appropriate.
enum GA_DataIdStrategy
{
    /// The default strategy, where the caller does not have to explicitly
    /// worry about attribute data IDs.
    GA_DATA_ID_BUMP = 0,

    /// Attributes should inherit the data IDs from their corresponding source
    /// attribute.  The caller will typically call GA_Attribute::bumpDataId()
    /// on any attributes that they later modify.
    GA_DATA_ID_CLONE = 1
};

/// Attributes may paritition their data in pages of GA_PAGE_SIZE offsets.
#define GA_PAGE_BITS             10
#define GA_PAGE_SIZE             (1 << GA_PAGE_BITS)
#define GA_PAGE_MASK             (GA_PAGE_SIZE - 1)
#define GA_DEFRAGMENT_OCCUPANCY  1.00

// -------------------------------------------------------------
// GA Types
// When indexing points, vertices or primitives, use
// GA_Index (ordered) or GA_Offset (data offset)
// -------------------------------------------------------------

/// Defines the bit width for index and offset types in GA
typedef exint   GA_Size;

/// Define the strictness of GA_Offset/GA_Index
#if !defined(GA_STRICT_TYPES) && UT_ASSERT_LEVEL > 2
    #define GA_STRICT_TYPES     0
#endif

#if defined(GA_STRICT_TYPES)

#if (UT_ASSERT_LEVEL >= UT_ASSERT_LEVEL_NORMAL)
#define GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE 0x7BADF00D7F00DBAD
#endif

#if (UT_ASSERT_LEVEL < UT_ASSERT_LEVEL_NORMAL)
#include <SYS/SYS_TypeDecorate.h>
#endif

#include <SYS/SYS_Compiler.h>
#include <SYS/SYS_Hash.h>
#include <SYS/SYS_TypeTraits.h>
#include <ostream>

#if defined(MBSD)
    #define GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS_EXTRA \
        size_t operator*(size_t v) const { return myVal * v; } \
        friend size_t operator*(size_t v, const ThisType &a) { return v * a.myVal; }
#else
    #define GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS_EXTRA
#endif


#define GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS \
        GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS_EXTRA \
    bool            operator==(const ThisType &that) const { return (myVal == that.myVal); } \
    bool            operator!=(const ThisType &that) const { return (myVal != that.myVal); } \
    bool            operator<(const ThisType &that)  const { return (myVal <  that.myVal); } \
    bool            operator<=(const ThisType &that) const { return (myVal <= that.myVal); } \
    bool            operator>(const ThisType &that)  const { return (myVal >  that.myVal); } \
    bool            operator>=(const ThisType &that) const { return (myVal >= that.myVal); } \
    exint           operator&(exint v) const    { return myVal & v; } \
    exint           operator&(int v) const      { return myVal & v; } \
    exint           operator&(uint v) const     { return myVal & v; } \
    exint           operator>>(exint v) const   { return myVal >> v; } \
    exint           operator>>(int v) const     { return myVal >> v; } \
    exint           operator>>(uint v) const    { return myVal >> v; } \
    exint           operator*(exint v) const    { return myVal * v; } \
    exint           operator*(int v) const      { return myVal * v; } \
    exint           operator*(uint v) const     { return myVal * v; } \
    exint           operator*(uint64 v) const   { return exint(myVal * v); } \
    ThisType        operator+(const ThisType &that) const { return ThisType(myVal + that.myVal); } \
    ThisType        operator+(exint v) const    { return ThisType(myVal + v); } \
    ThisType        operator+(uint64 v) const   { return ThisType(myVal + v); } \
    ThisType        operator+(int v) const      { return ThisType(myVal + v); } \
    ThisType        operator+(uint v) const     { return ThisType(myVal + v); } \
    friend ThisType operator+(exint v, const ThisType &a)       { return ThisType(a.myVal + v); } \
    friend ThisType operator+(uint64 v, const ThisType &a)      { return ThisType(a.myVal + v); } \
    friend ThisType operator+(int v, const ThisType &a)         { return ThisType(a.myVal + v); } \
    friend ThisType operator+(uint v, const ThisType &a)        { return ThisType(a.myVal + v); } \
    friend exint    operator*(exint v, const ThisType &a)       { return ThisType(a.myVal * v); } \
    friend exint    operator*(uint64 v, const ThisType &a)      { return ThisType(a.myVal * v); } \
    friend exint    operator*(int v, const ThisType &a)         { return ThisType(a.myVal * v); } \
    friend exint    operator*(uint v, const ThisType &a)        { return ThisType(a.myVal * v); } \
    /* NOTE: ThisType-ThisType must return something that can be divided \
             by (unsigned int)2 in order to support TBB blocked ranges.*/ \
    exint           operator/(uint v)   const { return myVal/v; } \
    exint           operator/(int v)    const { return myVal/v; } \
    exint           operator/(uint64 v) const { return myVal/v; } \
    exint           operator/(int64 v)  const { return myVal/v; } \
    ThisType        operator-(const ThisType &that) const       { return ThisType(myVal - that.myVal); } \
    ThisType        operator-(exint v) const    { return ThisType(myVal - v); } \
    ThisType        operator-(uint64 v) const   { return ThisType(myVal - v); } \
    ThisType        operator-(int v) const      { return ThisType(myVal - v); } \
    ThisType        operator-(uint v) const     { return ThisType(myVal - v); } \
    ThisType        operator+=(const ThisType &that)    { myVal += that.myVal; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator+=(exint v) { myVal += v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator+=(uint64 v){ myVal += v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator+=(int v)   { myVal += v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator+=(uint v)  { myVal += v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator-=(const ThisType &that)    { myVal -= that.myVal; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator-=(exint v) { myVal -= v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator-=(uint64 v){ myVal -= v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator-=(int v)   { myVal -= v; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator-=(uint v)  { myVal -= v; return *this; } \
    ThisType &      operator++()        { ++myVal; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator++(int)     { return ThisType(myVal++); } \
    ThisType &      operator--()        { --myVal; return *this; } \
    ThisType        operator--(int)     { return ThisType(myVal--); } \
    ThisType        operator-()         { return ThisType(-myVal); } \
    friend std::ostream &operator<< (std::ostream &stream, const ThisType &a) { return stream << a.myVal; } \
    friend ThisType SYSmax(const ThisType &a, const ThisType &b) \
    { return ThisType(SYSmax(a.myVal, b.myVal)); } \
    friend ThisType SYSmin(const ThisType &a, const ThisType &b) \
    { return ThisType(SYSmin(a.myVal, b.myVal)); } \
    friend ThisType SYSclamp(const ThisType &a, const ThisType &b, const ThisType &c) \
    { return ThisType(SYSclamp(a.myVal, b.myVal, c.myVal)); } \
    friend ThisType UTbumpAlloc(const ThisType &a) \
    { return ThisType(UTbumpAlloc(a.myVal)); } \

    /**/

template <typename TAG, typename BASE_TYPE>
class GA_API_TMPL GA_OrdinalType
{
private:
    typedef     GA_OrdinalType<TAG, BASE_TYPE> ThisType;

public:
                GA_OrdinalType()
#if (UT_ASSERT_LEVEL >= UT_ASSERT_LEVEL_NORMAL)
                    : myVal(BASE_TYPE(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE))
#endif
                {}
    explicit    GA_OrdinalType(const BASE_TYPE &val) : myVal(val) { }

    operator    BASE_TYPE() const           { return myVal; }

    GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS

private:
    BASE_TYPE   myVal;
};

class GA_Index;

/// GA_Offset defines an offset into the attribute table of a GA_IndexMap.
/// Properties:
///   - Not allowed to be converted from a GA_Index
///   - Not implicitly convertible from a GA_Size
class GA_API_TMPL GA_Offset
{
    typedef     GA_Offset           ThisType;

public:
                GA_Offset()
#if (UT_ASSERT_LEVEL >= UT_ASSERT_LEVEL_NORMAL)
                    : myVal(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE)
#endif
                {}
    explicit constexpr  GA_Offset(GA_Size val) : myVal(val) { }

    operator    int64() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint64() const      { return myVal; }

    // NOTE: These should generally be avoided, but are mostly here
    //       for templated code that over-instantiates for bogus type
    //       conversions.
    operator    int32() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint32() const      { return myVal; }
    operator    int16() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint16() const      { return myVal; }
    operator    int8() const        { return myVal; }
    operator    uint8() const       { return myVal; }
#if defined(MBSD)
    // NOTE: These ones are because on Mac GCC, long and size_t are treated as
    //       types different from int64 and uint64 somehow (they are both
    //       64-bit integers).
    operator    long() const        { return myVal; }
    operator    unsigned long() const { return myVal; }
#endif

    GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS

private:
    GA_Offset(const GA_Index &v); // DISALLOW

    /// Disallow boolean operations, because they're almost guaranteed
    /// to be porting errors checking if a pointer is NULL or non-NULL
    /// instead of checking whether the offset is zero.
    SYS_SAFE_BOOL operator bool() const;

    /// Disallow comparison with integers, for example, the
    /// "if (ptoff==0)" case, since it's most likely a porting error.
    bool operator==(exint v) const;
    bool operator==(uint64 v) const;
    bool operator==(int v) const;
    bool operator==(uint v) const;
    bool operator!=(exint v) const;
    bool operator!=(uint64 v) const;
    bool operator!=(int v) const;
    bool operator!=(uint v) const;

    GA_Size     myVal;
};
UT_IFNOT_ASSERT(SYS_DECLARE_IS_POD(GA_Offset))

inline SYS_HashType hash_value(const GA_Offset &off)
{
    return SYShash(GA_Size(off));
}

/// GA_Index defines an ordered index of a GA_IndexMap.
/// Properties:
///   - Not allowed to be converted from a GA_Offset
///   - Implicitly convertible from and to a GA_Size
class GA_API_TMPL GA_Index
{
private:
    typedef     GA_Index            ThisType;

public:
                GA_Index()
#if (UT_ASSERT_LEVEL >= UT_ASSERT_LEVEL_NORMAL)
                    : myVal(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE)
#endif
                {}
                GA_Index(const GA_Size &val) : myVal(val) { }

    operator    int64() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint64() const      { return myVal; }

    // NOTE: These should generally be avoided, but are mostly here
    //       for templated code that over-instantiates for bogus type
    //       conversions.
    operator    int32() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint32() const      { return myVal; }
    operator    int16() const       { return myVal; }
    operator    uint16() const      { return myVal; }
    operator    int8() const        { return myVal; }
    operator    uint8() const       { return myVal; }
#if defined(MBSD)
    // NOTE: This one is because on Mac GCC, long is treated as a type
    //       different from int64 somehow (they are both 64-bit integers).
    operator    long() const        { return myVal; }
    operator    unsigned long() const { return myVal; }
#endif

    GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS

    // NOTE: These methods are to avoid having to change the ton of code that
    //       uses ints, etc, as interchangeable with GA_Index
    // Equality comparisons with integers were re-allowed, since most porting
    // errors would involve GA_Offset, not GA_Index, and not being able to compare
    // getNumPoints() with 0 is counterintuitive.
    bool operator< (exint v)  const { return (myVal <  v); }
    bool operator<=(exint v)  const { return (myVal <= v); }
    bool operator> (exint v)  const { return (myVal >  v); }
    bool operator>=(exint v)  const { return (myVal >= v); }
    bool operator==(exint v)  const { return (myVal == v); }
    bool operator!=(exint v)  const { return (myVal != v); }
    bool operator< (uint64 v) const { return (myVal <  v); }
    bool operator<=(uint64 v) const { return (myVal <= v); }
    bool operator> (uint64 v) const { return (myVal >  v); }
    bool operator>=(uint64 v) const { return (myVal >= v); }
    bool operator==(uint64 v) const { return (myVal == v); }
    bool operator!=(uint64 v) const { return (myVal != v); }
    bool operator< (int v)    const { return (myVal <  v); }
    bool operator<=(int v)    const { return (myVal <= v); }
    bool operator> (int v)    const { return (myVal >  v); }
    bool operator>=(int v)    const { return (myVal >= v); }
    bool operator==(int v)    const { return (myVal == v); }
    bool operator!=(int v)    const { return (myVal != v); }
    bool operator< (uint v)   const { return (myVal <  v); }
    bool operator<=(uint v)   const { return (myVal <= v); }
    bool operator> (uint v)   const { return (myVal >  v); }
    bool operator>=(uint v)   const { return (myVal >= v); }
    bool operator==(uint v)   const { return (myVal == v); }
    bool operator!=(uint v)   const { return (myVal != v); }
#if defined(MBSD)
    // NOTE: This one is because on Mac GCC, long is treated as a type
    //       different from int64 somehow (they are both 64-bit integers).
    bool operator< (unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal <  v); }
    bool operator<=(unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal <= v); }
    bool operator> (unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal >  v); }
    bool operator>=(unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal >= v); }
    bool operator==(unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal == v); }
    bool operator!=(unsigned long v)    const { return (myVal != v); }
#endif

    friend bool operator<( exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v <  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<=(exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v <= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>( exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v >  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>=(exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v >= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator==(exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v == a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator!=(exint v,  const GA_Index &a) { return (v != a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<( uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v <  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<=(uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v <= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>( uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v >  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>=(uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v >= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator==(uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v == a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator!=(uint64 v, const GA_Index &a) { return (v != a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<( int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v <  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<=(int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v <= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>( int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v >  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>=(int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v >= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator==(int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v == a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator!=(int v,    const GA_Index &a) { return (v != a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<( uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v <  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<=(uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v <= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>( uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v >  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>=(uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v >= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator==(uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v == a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator!=(uint v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v != a.myVal); }
#if defined(MBSD)
    // NOTE: This one is because on Mac GCC, long is treated as a type
    //       different from int64 somehow (they are both 64-bit integers).
    friend bool operator<( unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v <  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator<=(unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v <= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>( unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v >  a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator>=(unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v >= a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator==(unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v == a.myVal); }
    friend bool operator!=(unsigned long v,   const GA_Index &a) { return (v != a.myVal); }
#endif

    /// Boolean operations were re-allowed for if (getNumPoints()), because
    /// most porting errors would involve checking GA_Offset, not GA_Index.
    SYS_SAFE_BOOL operator bool() const  { return myVal != 0; }

private:
    GA_Index(const GA_Offset &v); // DISALLOW

    GA_Size     myVal;
};
UT_IFNOT_ASSERT(SYS_DECLARE_IS_POD(GA_Index))

inline SYS_HashType hash_value(const GA_Index &idx)
{
    return SYShash(GA_Size(idx));
}

#undef GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_BINARY_OPS
#undef GA_DEFINE_ORDINAL_METHODS


class GA_PageNumTag {};
typedef GA_OrdinalType<GA_PageNumTag, GA_Size> GA_PageNum;
UT_IFNOT_ASSERT(SYS_DECLARE_IS_POD(GA_PageNum))


class GA_PageOffTag {};
typedef GA_OrdinalType<GA_PageOffTag, GA_Size> GA_PageOff;
UT_IFNOT_ASSERT(SYS_DECLARE_IS_POD(GA_PageOff))

inline bool GAisValid(GA_Offset v)
{
    UT_ASSERT(v != GA_Offset(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE));
    return v >= GA_Offset(0);
}
inline bool GAisValid(GA_Index v)
{
    UT_ASSERT(v != GA_Index(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE));
    return v >= GA_Index(0);
}

namespace UT {
template<typename T>
struct DefaultClearer;

template<>
struct DefaultClearer<GA_Offset>
{
    static void clear(GA_Offset &v)
    { v = GA_Offset(std::numeric_limits<exint>::min()); }
    static bool isClear(GA_Offset v)
    { return v == GA_Offset(std::numeric_limits<exint>::min()); }
    static void clearConstruct(GA_Offset *p) { clear(*p); }

    static const bool clearNeedsDestruction = false;
};

template<>
struct DefaultClearer<GA_Index>
{
    static void clear(GA_Index &v)
    { v = GA_Index(std::numeric_limits<exint>::min()); }
    static bool isClear(GA_Index v)
    { return v == GA_Index(std::numeric_limits<exint>::min()); }
    static void clearConstruct(GA_Index *p) { clear(*p); }

    static const bool clearNeedsDestruction = false;
};
}

namespace std {
template<>
struct hash<GA_Offset>
{
    size_t operator()(GA_Offset v)
    { return std::hash<exint>()((exint)v); }
};
template<>
struct hash<GA_Index>
{
    size_t operator()(GA_Index v)
    { return std::hash<exint>()((exint)v); }
};
}

GA_API size_t format(char *buf, size_t bufsize, const GA_Index &v);
GA_API size_t format(char *buf, size_t bufsize, const GA_Offset &v);

#else

/// GA_Index is a contiguous index into an element in a GA_Detail structure.
/// Since the list of elements can contain gaps, the index should be translated 
/// into a GA_Offset prior to lookup. The index remains constant if the element
/// list is defragmented, but will be invalid if an element, prior to a given 
/// index, is inserted or deleted.
/// \sa GA_Detail::pointOffset, GA_Detail::pointIndex, 
/// \sa GA_Detail::primitiveOffset, GA_Detail::primitiveIndex
/// \sa GA_Detail::vertexOffset, GA_Detail::vertexIndex
typedef GA_Size GA_Index;

/// GA_Offset is a, possibly, non-contiguous offset to an element in a 
/// GA_Detail structure. GA_Offsets remain constant even if an element prior to
/// it is deleted, but will be invalidated if an element is inserted prior to 
/// it, or if the element list is defragmented. 
typedef GA_Size GA_Offset;


typedef GA_Size GA_PageNum;
typedef GA_Size GA_PageOff;

#endif

inline bool GAisValid(GA_Size v) {
#if defined(GA_STRICT_TYPES)
    UT_ASSERT(v != GA_Size(GA_MAGIC_BAD_VALUE));
#endif
    return v >= 0;
}

inline GA_PageNum GAgetPageNum(GA_Offset v)
{
    return GA_PageNum(v >> GA_PAGE_BITS);
}
inline GA_PageOff GAgetPageOff(GA_Offset v)
{
    return GA_PageOff(v & GA_PAGE_MASK);
}
inline bool      GAisFullPage(GA_Offset start, GA_Offset end)
{
    return (GAgetPageOff(start) == 0 &&
            GAgetPageOff(end) == 0 &&
            (GAgetPageNum(start) == GAgetPageNum(end)-1));
}

inline GA_Offset GAgetPageBoundary(const GA_Offset &start,
                                   const GA_Offset &end)
{
    return GA_Offset(SYSmin(GA_Size(end), GA_Size(start) - GA_Size(GAgetPageOff(start)) + GA_PAGE_SIZE));
}

#define GA_INVALID_INDEX    GA_Index(-1)
#define GA_INVALID_OFFSET   GA_Offset(-1)

/// Details are always at index and offset zero in their own detail index map.
#define GA_DETAIL_INDEX     GA_Index(0)
#define GA_DETAIL_OFFSET    GA_Offset(0)

typedef UT_ValArray<GA_Index>       GA_IndexArray;
typedef UT_ValArray<GA_Offset>      GA_OffsetArray;

typedef int64                   GA_DataId;
#define GA_INVALID_DATAID       GA_DataId(-1)


/// @{
/// At the current time, intrinsic handles are an integer.
/// This may change in the future.
typedef int     GA_LocalIntrinsic;
typedef int     GA_GlobalIntrinsic;
#define GA_INVALID_INTRINSIC_HANDLE     -1
static inline bool      GAisValidGlobalIntrinsic(GA_GlobalIntrinsic h)
                                    { return h >= 0; }
static inline bool      GAisValidLocalIntrinsic(GA_LocalIntrinsic h)
                                    { return h >= 0; }
/// @}

// -------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions to map storage enums to tokens.
// -------------------------------------------------------------
/// Lookup the size in bytes of a storage type (inaccurate for bool)
GA_API extern unsigned           GAsizeof(GA_Storage store);

/// Compare precision of GA_Storage types.  The function will return:
///     -2 invalid comparison (i.e. comparing a string to a float)
///     -1 if a is less precise than b
///      0 if a and be have the same precision
///      1 if a is more precise than b
GA_API extern int                GAcomparePrecision(GA_Storage a, GA_Storage b);

/// Return the precision associated with the storage.
GA_API extern GA_Precision       GAprecision(GA_Storage a);
/// Lookup the precision name from the precision
GA_API extern const char        *GAprecision(GA_Precision precision);
/// Lookup the precision type from the precision name
GA_API extern GA_Precision       GAprecision(const char *precision);
/// Returns the nominal bits of provided precision, 0 for invalid.
GA_API extern int                GAprecisionBits(GA_Precision precision);

/// Lookup the owner name from the owner type
GA_API extern const char        *GAowner(GA_AttributeOwner owner);
/// Lookup the owner type from the owner name
GA_API extern GA_AttributeOwner  GAowner(const char *owner);

/// Lookup the scope name from the scope type
GA_API extern const char        *GAscope(GA_AttributeScope scope);
/// Lookup the scope type from the scope name
GA_API extern GA_AttributeScope  GAscope(const char *scope);

/// Lookup the storage name from the storage type
GA_API extern const char        *GAstorage(GA_Storage store);
/// Lookup the storage type from the storage name
GA_API extern GA_Storage         GAstorage(const char *store);

/// Lookup the storage label (descriptive name) from the storage type
GA_API extern const char        *GAstorageLabel(GA_Storage store);
/// Lookup the storage type from the storage label
GA_API extern GA_Storage         GAstorageLabel(const char *store);



/// Lookup the storage name from the storage type
GA_API extern const char        *GAstorageClass(GA_StorageClass store);
/// Lookup the intrinsic storage type from the storage name
GA_API extern GA_StorageClass    GAstorageClass(const char *store);

/// Lookup the type-info name from the type-info type
GA_API extern const char        *GAtypeinfo(GA_TypeInfo type);
/// Lookup the type-info type from the type-info name
GA_API extern GA_TypeInfo        GAtypeinfo(const char *type);

/// Lookup the type-info label (descriptive name) from the type-info type
GA_API extern const char        *GAtypeinfoLabel(GA_TypeInfo type);
/// Lookup the type-info type from the type-info label (descriptive name)
GA_API extern GA_TypeInfo        GAtypeinfoLabel(const char *type);

/// Lookup the owner name from the owner type
GA_API extern const char        *GAgroupType(GA_GroupType owner);
/// Lookup the owner type from the owner name
GA_API extern GA_GroupType       GAgroupType(const char *owner);


/// Convenience method to determine whether an integer represents a valid
/// storage type.
static inline bool      GAisStorageType(int s)
                        {
                            return s >= GA_STORE_BOOL && s <= GA_STORE_STRING;
                        }

/// Convenience method to determine whether storage is real valued
static inline bool      GAisFloatStorage(GA_Storage s)
                        {
                            return s == GA_STORE_REAL16 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_REAL32 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_REAL64;
                        }

/// Convenience method to determine whether storage is integer valued
static inline bool      GAisIntStorage(GA_Storage s)
                        {
                            return
                                s == GA_STORE_UINT8 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_INT8 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_INT16 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_INT32 ||
                                s == GA_STORE_INT64;
                        }

/// Convenience method to determine whether storage is numeric (real/integer)
static inline bool      GAisNumericStorage(GA_Storage s)
                        {
                            return GAisFloatStorage(s) || GAisIntStorage(s);
                        }

/// Convenience method to determine if type info is a transforming type
static inline bool      GAisTransformingType(GA_TypeInfo t)
                        {
                            return
                                t == GA_TYPE_VECTOR ||
                                t == GA_TYPE_NORMAL ||
                                t == GA_TYPE_POINT ||
                                t == GA_TYPE_HPOINT ||
                                t == GA_TYPE_TRANSFORM ||
                                t == GA_TYPE_QUATERNION;
                        }

static inline GA_StorageClass GAstorageClass(GA_Storage s)
{
    switch (s)
    {
        case GA_STORE_INVALID:
            return GA_STORECLASS_INVALID;
        case GA_STORE_BOOL:
        case GA_STORE_UINT8:
        case GA_STORE_INT8:
        case GA_STORE_INT16:
        case GA_STORE_INT32:
        case GA_STORE_INT64:
            return GA_STORECLASS_INT;
        case GA_STORE_REAL16:
        case GA_STORE_REAL32:
        case GA_STORE_REAL64:
            return GA_STORECLASS_REAL;
        case GA_STORE_STRING:
            return GA_STORECLASS_STRING;
        case GA_STORE_DICT:
            return GA_STORECLASS_DICT;
    }

    return GA_STORECLASS_OTHER;
}

static inline GA_Storage GAgetDefaultStorage(GA_StorageClass s)
{
    switch (s)
    {
        case GA_STORECLASS_INT:
            return GA_STORE_INT32;
        case GA_STORECLASS_REAL:
            return GA_STORE_REAL32;
        case GA_STORECLASS_STRING:
            return GA_STORE_STRING;
        case GA_STORECLASS_DICT:
            return GA_STORE_DICT;
        default:
            // There's no default storage for this storage class
            return GA_STORE_INVALID;
    }
}

static inline GA_Storage GAgetDefaultStorage(GA_StorageClass s, GA_Precision prec)
{
    switch (s)
    {
        case GA_STORECLASS_INT:
            switch (prec)
            {
                case GA_PRECISION_INVALID:
                    break;
                case GA_PRECISION_1:
                    return GA_STORE_BOOL;
                case GA_PRECISION_8:
                    return GA_STORE_UINT8;
                case GA_PRECISION_16:
                    return GA_STORE_INT16;
                case GA_PRECISION_32:
                    return GA_STORE_INT32;
                case GA_PRECISION_64:
                    return GA_STORE_INT64;
            }
            return GA_STORE_INT32;
        case GA_STORECLASS_REAL:
            switch (prec)
            {
                case GA_PRECISION_INVALID:
                    break;
                case GA_PRECISION_1:
                case GA_PRECISION_8:
                case GA_PRECISION_16:
                    return GA_STORE_REAL16;
                case GA_PRECISION_32:
                    return GA_STORE_REAL32;
                case GA_PRECISION_64:
                    return GA_STORE_REAL64;
            }
            return GA_STORE_REAL32;
        case GA_STORECLASS_STRING:
            return GA_STORE_STRING;
        case GA_STORECLASS_DICT:
            return GA_STORE_DICT;
        default:
            // There's no default storage for this storage class
            return GA_STORE_INVALID;
    }
}
#endif