Try playing around with the Influence Scale and the Droplet Scale inside the Particle Fluid Surface node. Keep the Droplet Scale less than the Influence Scale or the entire fluid will disappear. I turned off the Remesh and Smooth nodes on the source geo. I also removed all those substeps on the Simulation node. In this case it makes sense to enable particle separation to try to keep particles away from one another and thus better keep the original shape.
You can dial in the scale at a lower particle separation and then when you have reduced the anomalies try lowering the particle separation for a cleaner look.
I don't think you will ever get a perfect extrusion look with a fluid based approach.